① 《林肯》這本書講的是什麼
林肯生於美國的肯塔基州。父親是貧苦的農民，林肯自小就不和不從事艱苦的勞動，幾乎沒有接受過學校教育。後自學成才，1837年成為一名律師。1834年至1841年，林肯被評選為伊利諾伊州的議員。 1858年，林肯由共和黨提名，競選聯邦參議員並獲選。在競選中就奴隸問題與民主黨的斯蒂芬·道格拉斯展開激烈的分開辯論，在全國名聲大振。1860年，林肯在總統競選中被共和黨提名為總統候選人。 可是爛肆汪，就在林肯當選的同時，南部諸州脫離合眾國組成了南部聯軍，南北戰爭爆發了，林肯臨危不懼，堅定地維護聯邦，主張廢除奴隸制，並且決心打贏戰爭。戰雹唯爭初期，戰況對北方軍隊不利飢仔。1862年9月，南部聯軍進入守勢。1863年，林肯頒布了黑奴解放人充，戰爭開始朝有利於北方的方向發展。 1863年11月，林肯在葛底斯堡國家公墓發表演說，其中有句名言一直流傳至今，即「依靠人民，為人民謀利的政府是永存的」。 1864年，林肯參加了總統大選，此時正值戰爭期間，且勝敗不明，但林肯任命US格蘭特為總司令後，北方軍隊節節勝利，這對林肯無疑是有利的，他再次當選為總統。1865年4月9日，南部聯軍總司令羅伯特·李投降，南北戰爭結束。1865年4月14日，林肯在華盛頓福特劇場觀看話劇時被人刺殺，次日身亡。
滿意請採納
② 林肯兩分鍾的演講內容是什麼，知道的發下。 謝謝
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
八十七年前我們的先輩在這塊大陸上建立了一個新的國家，這個國家在爭取自由中誕生，忠於人人生來平等這一信念。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long enre. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
目前我們正進行這一場偉大的國內戰爭，戰爭考驗著以上述信念立國的我們或其他國家，是否能長期堅持下去。今天我們在這場戰爭的戰場上集會，來把戰場的一角奉獻給為我們國家的生存而捐軀的人們，作為他們的安息之地。這是我們應該做的事。
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow – this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
但是，從更大的意義上說，我們無權把這塊土地奉獻給他們，我們不能使汪薯這塊土地增加光彩，成為聖地。這是那些活著的或已經死去的、曾經在這里戰斗過的英雄們才使這塊土地成為神聖之土，我們無力使之增減一分。我們在這里說些什麼，世人不會注意，也不會長期記住，但是英雄們的行動卻困局者永遠不會被人們遺忘。這更要求我們這些活著的人去繼續英雄們為之戰斗並使之前進的未竟事業臘絕。我們還需要繼續為擺在我們面前的偉大的事業獻身——更忠誠於先烈們為之獻出了生命的事業；我們決不能讓先烈們的鮮血白流；——我們這個國家在上帝的保佑下，要爭得自由的新生；這個民有、民治、民享的政府一定要永遠在地球上存在下去。
Abraham Lincoln and His Gettysburg Address
林肯和他的葛底斯堡演講
Late in the evening of November 17, 1863 William Slade, a servant at the White House, called at the President』s study to see whether Lincoln needed anything. Slade was a free colored man from Virginia. His job was the buying of food used in the White House. Lincoln liked Slade, often talked with him, asking his opinion about different matters.
1863年11月17日的深夜，白宮的一個傭人威廉·斯萊德走進總統的書房，問林肯是否還需要什麼東西。斯萊德是個自由的黑人，來自弗吉尼亞州。他的工作是給白宮采購食品。林肯喜歡他，常常和他談話並就各種問題徵求他的意見。
「Listen to this, William,」 Lincoln said. 「See how you think it sounds.」 Lincoln then read aloud the short speech he had written.
「你聽聽這個，」威廉林肯說。「看你聽了覺得怎麼樣。」林肯把寫好的那篇短短的演講稿大聲地念給他聽。
「I like it, Mr. President,」 Slade said. 「It sounds good.」
斯萊德說：「很好，總統先生，聽起來挺不錯。」
But Lincoln himself was mot at all satisfied with what he had written. The next day, on the train to Gettysburg, he again worked on the speech briefly. Later that same evening, in the small Gettysburg hotel room where he stayed that night, he did some more work on it. Lincoln was physically very tired. His mind was troubled by the many serious problems of war and government. It was difficult for him to think.
可是林肯自己卻對他寫的一點也不滿意。第二天，在前往葛底斯堡的火車上，他對稿子又略加修改。晚上在他所住的葛底斯堡旅館的小房間里，他又把講稿再推敲了一番。林肯很累。戰爭和政府的許多嚴重的問題困擾著他，思想很難集中。
In any case, the speech was short – which was the way Lincoln wanted it. He was mot the main speaker. The speaker of the day was Edward Everett. recognized as probably the greatest orator of the period. Everett was also a very distinguished man. He had been governor of Massachusetts, ambassador to Great Britain, president of Harvard College. There already existed four printed volumes of Everett』s public speeches.
但是，這篇演講很短，林肯就要它短。那天的主要發言人是愛德華·艾弗萊特，不是林肯。愛德華·艾弗萊特要算是當時最有口才的演說家了。他是一位傑出的人物，當過馬薩諸塞州的州長，美國駐英國大使和哈佛大學的校長。他的演說集已經出了四冊。
Lincoln, on the other hand, was not considered an orator. He was a good political speaker, and in his political campaigns had proven himself quite capable. But on this occasion something more serious was demanded. At first, the officials in charge of the ceremony had not even wanted to invite Lincoln. Lincoln received only a printed notice of the event. But later, two weeks before the actual ceremony, he was asked, mainly for political reasons, to 「say a few words」 at the close of Mr. Everett』s address. Even then, some of the newspapers objected, claiming that the President was sure to take advantage of the situation to make a political show.
而林肯並沒有認為他擅長演講，但他能做很好的政治講話，在政治活動中顯示了充分的才幹。但是這個場合對林肯提出了更高的要求。本來負責組織這次典禮的官員根本不想請林肯，後來主要出於政治上的考慮，在舉行儀式的兩周前才給他發了一個列印的通知，請他在艾弗萊特先生演講之後「講幾句話」。即使如此，有些報紙還反對，說什麼總統肯定會利用這次機會大撈政治資本。
At eleven o』clock the following morning, the parade from the town of Gettysburg to the cemetery began. Lincoln rode a horse. Those who saw him said that he bent forward even more than usual, looked particularly worn and tired. The group arrived at the place set for the ceremony at about eleven fifteen. Mr. Everett had not yet come. Bands played continuously to pass the time. At noon, Mr. Everett finally appeared.
第二天上午十一點從葛底斯堡到墓地的遊行開始了。林肯騎在馬上。當時看見他的人說他比平時更加彎腰躬背，顯得特別疲勞。大約十一時十五分，遊行隊伍不斷奏樂以消磨時間。中午時分，艾弗萊特先生總算來了。
There were some 15,000 people present. On the platform with Lincoln sat state governors, army officers, foreign ambassadors, members of congress. Mr. Everett first addressed the President, then began his long expected speech. His speech was typical of the extended and colorful public speaking of that period. Among other things, he touched on the geography of the area, the three day battle, European history, Greek history, State』s Rights. The speech lasted for an hour and fifty-seven minutes. At its close, the audience answered with applause which was properly loud and long.
那天的會約有一萬五千人出席。和林肯一起坐在主席台上的有各州州長、軍官、外國大使、議員等。艾弗萊特先生先向總統致意，然後發表人們引頸以待的長篇演說。他的演說是當時流行的那種詞藻華麗而又冗長的典型。他談到葛斯底堡一帶的地理，三天的戰爭，歐洲、希臘的歷史，州的權力問題，等等，等等。講了一小時五十七分鍾。結束時，聽從報以響亮的，長度恰如其分的掌聲。
Lincoln then rose to speak. Everett was a tall, very handsome man, who always dressed extremely well, Lincoln』s bent and tired figure, his careless dress were in strong contrast to the impression left by Everett. Lincoln put on his glassed, took from his inside coat pocket the two small sheets of paper on which he had written his speech. However, by this time he knew most of the speech from memory, so he referred to the sheets only briefly. He spoke slowly and clearly, but his speech lasted just five minutes. It contained only nine sentences, ending with the famous words concerning a 「government of the people, by the people, and for the people.」
接著林肯站起來講話。艾弗萊特個子高高的，英俊瀟灑，衣著講究。林肯卻是疲憊躬腰不修邊幅，在艾弗萊特面前，顯得相形見絀。林肯戴上眼鏡，從上衣夾層的口袋裡掏出兩張小紙片的講話稿。但此時對講話的內容他已大致記熟，只偶爾地向稿紙瞟上一眼。他講得慢而清楚，只講了五分鍾，九句話。講話以「一個民有、民治、民享的政府」這句名言結束。
Lincoln spoke with honor of the war dead at Gettysburg, saying, 「The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.」 But he placed chief emphasis upon the task ahead, the task so dear to his own heart. That of preserving the Union and carrying forward the principles of democracy upon which the country was based.
林肯高度贊頌在葛底斯堡之戰中捐軀的將士，他說：「我們在這里說些什麼，世人不會注意，也不會長期記住，但是英雄們的行動卻永遠不會被人遺忘」。林肯著重講了今後的任務，也是他的心願，即維護合眾國不致分裂，並把作為建國基礎的民主原則貫徹到底。
When Lincoln finished, there was a moment of silence – not out of respect or admiration for anything he had said. The audience simply expected a longer speech, When Lincoln returned to his seat, there was polite applause. 「The ceremony then being over, the crowd broke up quickly and lost no time in returning to their homes.」
林肯講完後，全場沉默片刻。這並非對他的講話相肅然起敬，而是人們沒有想到他的演說這么短。林肯回到座位上時，聽眾中發出幾聲出自禮貌的掌聲。然後，儀式結束，人們紛紛退場，趕緊各自回家去了。
No one at the time seemed much impressed by Lincoln』s speech. That night, on the train back to Washington, Lincoln bay stretched out on a seat, tired and discouraged. He said to a companion, 「That speech was a flat failure, and the people are disappointed.」 Most of the newspapers seemed to feel the same way. They called the speech unimportant, even foolish. One writer went so far as to say that every American should feel ashamed that the President of the United States had to express himself in such a stupid manner.
林肯的演講似乎在當時沒有給人留下什麼深刻的印象。當晚在回華盛頓的火車上，林肯攤手攤腳地坐在位子上，疲倦，沮喪。他對人說：「那篇演講糟透了，令人失望」。多數報紙也是這個看法，說那篇演講無足輕重，甚至是可笑的。有一個作者竟然說堂堂美國總統，講話如此愚蠢，這是每個美國人的恥辱。
Yet others saw in the speech what later served to establish it as a part of English literature, namely, the simple and direct style, the expression in almost perfect language of the central idea for which Lincoln lived and died. Edward Everett』s opinion was typical of this point of view when, the next day, he wrote the following note to Lincoln, 「I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came to near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes.」 Lincoln』s answer was also typical. He replied to Everett, saying. 「You could not have been excused to make a short address, nor I a long one. I am pleased to know that, in your judgment, the little I did say was not entirely a failure. 」
有人當時就看到了後來使這篇演講成為英文文學中的精品的特點，它以樸素無華的風格，無懈可擊的語言闡明了林肯畢業為之奮斗和獻身的中心思想。愛德華·艾弗萊特第二天寫給林肯的條子很能代表這個看法。他寫道：「恕我大言不慚，我用了兩小時總算接觸到了您所闡明的那個中心思想。而您只用了兩分鍾就說得明明白白。」林肯的答復也是文如其人：「您做簡短的演講，人們不會原諒，正如我作長篇演講人們不會原諒一樣。您認為我那短短的講話還不是徹底失敗，我感到十分高興。」